Vanishing (Disappearing) Middle Class in U.S.A Essay

Evaporating (Disappearing) Middle Class in U.S.A - Essay Example As per the examination, the move is being ascribed to a fall in wages and occupation advertise that is gradually debilitating. In another report that was distributed via Autor (2010), the work power in the U.S.A is quickly parting into two principle classes, the lucrative occupations and the comparing low paying employments. In such manner, it very well may be seen that socioeconomics about the center pay workers is absent. The impact of the vanishing white collar class is negatively affecting America’s youngsters who are ending up being likely representatives. This circumstance basically implies that regardless of the field which they would need to go along with, they need to build their instructive levels to make sure about business possibilities. Having secondary school capability alone may not be sufficient to warrant a great job not at all like before. Notwithstanding of the numerous weaknesses that have been related with this pattern, there is a gathering of individuals who appear to have profited. Propelled degree holders have been having gains in the openings for work accessible. This is only for the way that openings for work have stayed a save of the profoundly taught or the low class. Consequently, the not many that have picked up work in this season have profited by the better compensations related with the employments (Wessel, 2011). One of the key guilty parties for this disturbing improvement is innovation. It has been seen that information and abilities showed by the working class bunch are quick getting superfluous or out of date as for industry needs. The presentation of PC and robot innovation has implied that administrative works in organizations and sequential construction system creations should be possible by not many individuals who have the necessary information to run the machines (Price, 2010). Presentation of PC innovation has prompted a sharp decrease in the measure of human capital in organizations. The employments that have been left accessible are just those requiring low training, something that has prompted an expansion in the low

Free Essays on Discipline Plan

At the point when I went to Mr. Hutton’s PC class it was extremely bright and composed. He revealed to me that toward the start of the school year he had the understudies line up and them doled out them PCs by numbers. He every PC had a number, at that point every understudy was given a number. His principles were posted on the nearest entryway on a brilliant beautiful banner. They were to the point and not drawn out. I feel that they applied to all evaluations and consistently. Understudies were not permitted to call out in class; they needed to remain in their seats except if they asked first. What's more, they were not permitted to contact anybody else’s PC. They needed to follow Mr. Hutton’s bearings and lift their hands when they had an inquiry. I felt that the entirety of his principles appeared well and good and wouldn’t befuddle the kids. I utilized his graph for the bases of my control plan. By perusing Cantar’s Book of Discipline I have additionally discovered that the â€Å"Rules of the Classroom† ought to be immediate and to the point. You ought not blend scholastic guidelines in with social principles; this would befuddle the kids on their conditions. Some of the time scholastic issues are out of their hands. On the primary day of class I would solicit the kids what kind from rules they think would enable them to learn, ideally by having them take an interest in making this rundown they would comprehend them better. Little youngsters regularly need inicative so as to adhere to rules or to carry out a responsibility. That is the reason a prizes framework is so significant. It gives them motivation to carry on and follow bearings. I believe that I would have a graph with the entirety of the student’s names on it in various hues. I would make it a brilliant and pretty banner and balance it on the divider so they could generally observe it. At that point every day I would give out checks ( ) to singular understudies, on the off chance that the understudy got five checks ( ) a day, at that point they would get a star on the Rewards Chart. Subsequent to getting ten stars they would be pardoned from getting their work done for that night... Free Essays on Discipline Plan Free Essays on Discipline Plan At the point when I went to Mr. Hutton’s PC class it was exceptionally beautiful and sorted out. He disclosed to me that toward the start of the school year he had the understudies line up and them allocated them PCs by numbers. He every PC had a number, at that point every understudy was given a number. His principles were posted on the nearest entryway on a brilliant beautiful banner. They were to the point and not drawn out. I imagine that they applied to all evaluations and consistently. Understudies were not permitted to call out in class; they needed to remain in their seats except if they asked first. What's more, they were not permitted to contact anybody else’s PC. They needed to follow Mr. Hutton’s bearings and lift their hands when they had an inquiry. I believed that the entirety of his guidelines seemed well and good and wouldn’t befuddle the youngsters. I utilized his outline for the bases of my order plan. By perusing Cantar’s Book of Discipline I have additionally discovered that the â€Å"Rules of the Classroom† ought to be immediate and to the point. You ought not blend scholarly principles in with conduct governs; this would confound the kids on their conditions. Some of the time scholarly issues are out of their hands. On the main day of class I would solicit the kids what kind from rules they think would enable them to learn, ideally by having them take an interest in making this rundown they would comprehend them better. Little youngsters frequently need inicative so as to keep rules or to carry out a responsibility. That is the reason a prizes framework is so significant. It gives them motivation to act and follow headings. I believe that I would have a graph with the entirety of the student’s names on it in various hues. I would make it a splendid and pretty banner and drape it on the divider so they could generally observe it. At that point every day I would give out checks ( ) to singular understudies, in the event that the understudy got five checks ( ) a day, at that point they would get a star on the Rewards Chart. In the wake of getting ten stars they would be pardoned from getting their work done for that night...

The Pro-Con List COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

The Pro-Con List COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog If you have yet to do so, you are bound to eventually.   Old school or digital, you will sit down with a blank piece of paper and draw a couple of columns or open up an Excel spreadsheet.   You will then label the columns “Pro” and “Con.” Perhaps you have a separate sheet of paper for each school or a separate tab for each school in Excel.   Decision time. The clock to the deposit deadline is ticking. You will then diligently begin to fill in the columns with what you see to be the pros and cons of each school you have received an offer from.   Or perhaps you just received one offer and it is a matter of either accepting the offer or choosing a different path. I thought I would take an opportunity to help you fill in the pro list in regard to SIPA.   Yes, I am biased.   A native New Yorker I am not, but a converted New York lover I am.   I have lived in New York City for eight years and whenever I leave   for travel, I always miss it. Instead of focusing on topics like world class faculty and a robust curriculum that every policy school can most likely boast about, I will focus on the experience of living in New York City.   The diversity, the energy, the attitude, the people, the events, the culture . . . the sound!   Not many schools offer a backdrop like New York City for your educational and professional development. I would venture to guess that by the time I help you with the pros of attending school in New York City, your pros column will require you to either go on to a second piece of paper or scroll down on your Excel sheet because more rows are going to be filled than you can view on the screen. I lived in California before moving to New York and I was trying to make the decision as to whether or not I should move east.   I had never lived on the east coast before and it was a big decision for me at the time, and I remember my pro â€" con list as well.   I distinctly remember a conversation I had with a very well traveled friend.   He said something along the line of the following: “Matt, you would be crazy NOT to move to New York City.   I believe that everyone should live in New York City once in their lifetime.   It has an energy you just can’t describe.   Don’t let this chance pass.” I took his advice, and boy am I glad I did.   Let’s take a quick look at some of the unique attributes and flavor of NYC. The following facts are from Wikipedia . . . Over 900 songs have been written about NYC (think about the inspiration you will get living here).   Think about this, you could listen to a different song about New York every day for well over two years!   A recent favorite song of mine that you can play in a separate window while reading is here warning, addictive chorus alert. NYC has two professional football teams, two professional hockey teams, two professional baseball teams (although Yankee fans will debate whether the METS can be considered a pro team), a professional soccer (sorry rest of the world, that’s what we call it) team, a professional women’s basketball team, and a professional men’s basketball team.   There will soon be two basketball teams when the Nets move to Brooklyn soon. The subway runs 24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is the largest rapid system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with 468. You may not think of nature when you think NYC, however New York City has over 28,000  acres (110  km2) of municipal parkland and 14  miles (23  km) of public beaches. NYC has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes. Care to cross pollinate with other students?   There are close to 600,000 university students in New York City. . . .   and how about some famous quotes related to New York City. “Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather.”   â€" Tom Wolfe “I go to Paris, I go to London, I go to Rome, and I always say, ‘There’s no place like New York.   It’s the most exciting city in the world now.   That’s the way it is.   That’s it.”     â€" Robert Deniro “I miss New York. I still love how people talk to you on the street â€" just assault you and tell you what they think of your jacket.” â€" Madonna “When its 100 degrees in New York, it’s 72 in Los Angeles. When its 30 degrees in New York, in Los Angeles it’s still 72. However, there are 6 million interesting people in New York, and only 72 in Los Angeles.”   Neil Simon “At night… the streets become rhythmical perspectives of glowing dotted lines, reflections hung upon them in the streets as the wistaria hangs its violet racemes on its trellis. The buildings are shimmering verticality, a gossamer veil, a festive scene-prop hanging there against the black sky to dazzle, entertain, amaze.”   â€" Frank Lloyd Wright “You come to New York to find the ambiance that will evoke your best. You do not necessarily know precisely what that might be, but you come to New York to discover it.” â€" Dr. James Hillman “New York is a galaxy of adventure at once elegant, exciting and bizarre. It’s a city that moves so fast, it takes energy just to stand still.”   â€" Barbara Walters Can you feel the excitement!?   Not only will you find inspiration at SIPA . . . NYC is a basically an inspiration or great moment waiting to happen.   That’s my quote and I’ll leave it at that.

Major General Darius N. Couch - Civil War

Black Wall Street Essay - 744 Words

Black Wall Street was the name given to Greenwood Avenue of North Tulsa, Oklahoma during the early 1900’s. Because of strict segregation, Blacks were only allowed to shop, spend, and live in a 35 square block area called the Greenwood district. The circulation of Black dollars only in the Black community produced a tremendously prosperous Black business district that was admired and envied by the whole country. Oklahoma’s first African-American settlers were Indian slaves of the so-called Five Civilized Tribes: Chickasaws, Choctaws, Cherokees, Creeks, and Seminoles. These tribes were forced to leave the Southeastern United States and resettle in Oklahoma in mid-winter over the infamous Trail of Tears. After the Civil War,†¦show more content†¦Washington during his visit bestowed the moniker: Negro Wall Street. By 1921, Tulsa’s African-American population of 11,000 had its own bus line, two high schools, one hospital, two newspapers, two theaters, three drug stores, four hotels, a public library, and thirteen churches. In addition, there were over 150 two and three story brick commercial buildings that housed clothing and grocery stores, cafes, rooming houses, nightclubs, and a large number of professional offices including doctors, lawyers, and dentists. Tulsa’s progressive African American community boasted some of the city’s most elegant brick homes, w ell furnished with china, fine linens, beautiful furniture, and grand pianos. Mary Elizabeth Parrish from Rochester, New York wrote: In the residential section there were homes of beauty and splendor which would please the most critical eye. Well known African American personalities often visited the Greenwood district including: educators Mary McCloud Bethune and W.E.B. DuBois, scientist George Washington Carver, opera singer Marian Anderson, blues singer Dinah Washington, and noted Chicago chemist Percy Julian. T.P. Scott wrote in Negro City Directory: Early African American business leaders in Tulsa patterned the development of Tulsa’s thriving Greenwood district after the successful African American entrepreneurial activity in Durham, NorthShow MoreRelatedSlavery, Black Wall Street2450 Words   |  10 PagesJacqueline Turner GWST Dr. Rago 4/26/15 In my paper, I will be discussing capitalism, slavery, â€Å"Black Wall Street† and â€Å"White Wall Street. Racism and capitalism are intertwined. In order to ever racially balance capitalism, we will need to eradicate racism. This affects all of us, no matter our race. Capitalism is often seen as a dirty word. Who holds the power when it comes to capitalism? White males have historically been the power holders, and they still hold it today. They areRead MoreThe Black Wall Street Basement Essay1233 Words   |  5 PagesYork Sun’s Benjamin Day refused to hire him. Drowning in debt with only $500 to his name he decided to found his own newspaper. Renting out a Wall Street basement, James Gordon Bennett took his $500 and founded The New York Herald. According to media historian Anthony Fellows (2010), â€Å"within six months he was outselling the Sun† (p. 90). In that small Wall Street basement, Bennett created the foundations of American journalism: reaction to the public’s desire, adaption to political mood, and acceptanceRead MoreBlack Wall Street By Maggie Anderson Essay2353 Words   |  10 Pages1920s, Black Wall Street, the name fittingly given to one of the most affluent all-Black communities in America, was bombed from the air and burned to the ground by mobs of envious Whites. This area was known for being one of the most successful and wealthiest black communities in the United States during the early 20th Century. Sadly, due to the area creating great wealth for the black community is was destroyed in a riot caused by the Ku Klux clan. The reason this quick introduction on â€Å"black wallRead MoreThe Bombing Of America s Black Wall Street Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagesbombing of America’s Black Wall Street The events that took place in Greenwood, Oklahoma on the 31 of May 1921, was a holocaust in Black American history. Present day African Americans still cannot get past this horrible memory that their ancestors experienced because there was no atonement nor acknowledgement by the American government. The suburb of Tulsa christened â€Å"Little Africa† was an advanced economically empowered black community. It could be described as the golden black community of the twentiethRead MoreIn the Black: An African American History of Wall Street793 Words   |  3 PagesHistory is not expounded on in the Wall Street industry. Brokers are remembered simply on their sales or their big portfolios. The trials of how African American owned firms were founded and the triumphs and accomplishments that were made afterwards was written in an interesting narrative way by the author , Gregory S. Bell in  In the Black: A African American History of Wall Street. Bell being the son of one of the first African American black owned member firm in the New York Stock Exchange, heRead MoreA Short Note On Oklahoma Race Riots And The Black Wall Street928 Words   |  4 Pagesabundance of wealthy African Americans due to of this discovery. Because of the affluence and success within the African American community going on in this one particular area, it became known as the Black Wall Street. The whole chain of events began on May 30, 1921 when Dick Rowland, a young black man, allegedly assaulted a white elevator operator. Rowland was arrested the next day. However, outside the courthouse a group of raging whites gathered to attempt to lynch Rowland while a group of AfricanRead MoreBartleby, The Scrivener, By Herman Mellvile1196 Words   |  5 Pagescharacter of this story is because it is his own personal experience. A phrase from the first paragraph says â€Å"what my own astonished eyes saw of Bartleby, that is all I know of him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (150). So clearly, this story is from his eyes. He is a lawyer on Wall Street, and he definitely wants what is best for his business. I could tell this because of his thoughts after firing Bartleby. In paragraph 149, the narrator has this thought: â€Å"I could not but highly plume myself on my masterly management of getting ridRead MoreBartleby the Scrivener, Deeply Symbolic Essay examples1080 Words   |  5 Pagesanalysis. The walls are controlling symbols of the story; in fact some had said that its a parable of walls. Melville tells us explicitly that certain prosaic facts are indispensable to understand a story (Leo Marx 1970). One of the walls, which is part of sky-light shaft, is white. And it provides the best light available, with the sky invisible. There is no direct rays from the sun penetrate the building. At the other end the wall is in an everlasting shade, and is black with age. As theRead MoreBartleby The Scrivener, By Melville Essay1839 Words   |  8 Pagesbecomes speechless to Bartleby preferring not to do his work. In Melville’s short story placed on Wall Street, the narrator describes the setting of a bleak office to have a white wall of the interior of a spacious sky-light shaft, penetrating the building from top to bottom on one end, on the other it contrasted in the direction of his window demanded and obstructed view of a lofty brick wall black by age and everlasting shade. There was a ground glass folding-doors that divided the premises intoRead MoreBartleby, The Scrivener, By Melville2062 Words   |  9 PagesBartleby’s story presents Bartleby as a terrifying and strange man. In Melville’s short story set on Wall Street, the narrator describes the setting of a bleak office to have a white wall of the interior of a spacious sky-light shaft, penetrating the building from top to bottom on one end. On the other end the direction of his window demanded and obstructed view of a lofty brick wall, black by age and endless shade. There were glass folding-doors that divided the premises into two parts, one of

Research in Rizals Life Free Essays

An event occurs in the 19th century in Europe where it had a tremendous contribution in molding the Philippines catalyst of nationalism no less than Dry. Jose Racial. The period of 19th century, was really a well-designed era of the term nationalism. We will write a custom essay sample on Research in Rizals Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is the time where drastic change took place placing the endeavor to equalize all men and free them from the tyranny and slavery. We see how during that time sprang from the midst of all consciousness the need liberate themselves and take a rehab from the old and messy mentality of the past that bound them. Many had taken their role in drama of transitioning the world. These thus influences to a lot of similarly idealist throughout the world. And Dry. Jose Racial is been excuse to these cause. With all the circumstances and the things He had learned and valued from Europe, had been able to formulate the formula of a lethal weapon that would conceived in the hearts and minds of his countrymen and would give birth to Nationalism thus consequently the doom and destruction of Spain’s colonialism. Racial did make a great change in molding the nationalism of the country, not only that Racial made all the changes but also with the help of all the Filipino who take part in the revolution make changes in making this country a whole new era. Racial leaves Inspiration to many peoples, men, women and children realizes that education can also be as deadly as a bolo, Racial has become the constant model that inspires man and woman across the land to dream and work for its realization no matter the cost is brings for the sake of nationhood ND promoting the liberty for the people. He also proven education is the answer to our struggle nation. Not only Racial inspires many people but a lot of the Filipino heroes like Andrea Boniface and many others. Racal’s ideas and achievement was known by all of the people in the Philippines with his great ideas and being a nationalist. Racial inspired Filipinos and shaped the importance of our national identity to nation-building. Racial, anywhere in the world, represents an intellectual and proud Filipino. Racial as Philippines’ foremost national hero and the most documented Filipino hero who dedicated his life to the ideas and ideals of freedom and nationalism. Racial is worthy of emulation for his education to ideals and studies, standards of morality, actions, behavior, thinking, aims, ethics, respect for law, parent’s, other people, country, and to use lives more productively. Racial had shown greatness, his greatness was manifested in many ways not only in his own country but in many foreign countries as well. Racial taught the Filipino the value of hardwood. How to cite Research in Rizals Life, Essays

Movie Comparison Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students

Movie Comparison Romeo and Juliet Essay Shakespeare is one of the greatest poets to ever walk this earth with his great playwrights and poems. Famous for many, one that includes Romeo and Juliet. He shall never be forgotten and to assure that Baz Luhrmann, the director of the Romeo and Juliet ? movie starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes has used his great skill with his intentions to modernize Romeo Juliet. Baz created a fresher version to keep the audience of this generation entertained, yet allowing us to appreciate Shakespeares marvelous work with a few twists here and there. Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeares tragic drama of the star-crossed young lovers Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet. In the movie Luhrmann has cut off a few lines and partial roles to make the movie how it is today. The lines that were cut off were replaced with visuals yet there are two major key events that were largely affected by the change which include when the two love birds first meet at the masquerade ball and second their death scene, the last moment they had together. The masquerade ball was taken at the Capulets home. We will write a custom essay on Movie Comparison Romeo and Juliet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This scene includes the dramatic moment when the lovebirds first cross-eyes together. Luharmann had adapted many elements from the original play in the Capulet ball scene yet left out a few. In the book the scene where they first meet was at the masquerade ball. Where everyone wore masks, was formally dressed, there was peaceful music which expressed that it was a formal and high-class event. Where as in the movie it was adapted to partys nowadays, a wild party with costumes, alcohol and very loud music. In the book Shakespeare used dialogue to express each character but in the movie they used costume to express each character. Each costume leads you to understand their personality. The whole scene starts off when the Montagues enter the party uninvited. Setting in this scene was very important, in the movie the ball was help in an enormous mansion with very modern features yet in the book it was taken also at the Capulets home but it was less developed. Music was a major factor in this scene, the music started off with a wild song, which welcomed them and put everyone in the mood and in the movie. The plot had very few changes. In the movie Romeo was given drugs by Benvolio, which led to Romeo forgetting about Rosaline. Yet in the play he was given advice from Benvolio. Another factor in the plot is when Romeo first catches his eyes on Juliet. The music is calm and romantic he sees her through a water tank but in the book he sees her through the mask while she is dancing with Paris. The water tank was some type of mask. The death scene, the final part is the most important scene. In that scene the church was covered in beautiful fresh flowers surrounding her, the entire room lit up with candles, and many crosses to symbolize her religion. In the play though Romeo finds Juliet at the graveyard in the dark. Props are also a key feature, in the movie Juliet shoots herself with a gun but in the original play it was a dagger. The finale returned to the television when breaking out such major news, which is another difference from the original play because in the play it was a chorus who spoke but in the movie it was by the news again to make it more modern and a better comparison for the audience. .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db , .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db .postImageUrl , .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db , .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db:hover , .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db:visited , .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db:active { border:0!important; } .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db:active , .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uade93686813035801c4bb216bf62c2db:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reaction Paper - 12 Years a SlaveThe plot was hugely affected to make the movie more dramatic, in the play Friar John failed to send the fax to Romeo but in the movie the mailman couldnt deliver the message to Romeo. Another change is when Romeo is buying the poison from the Apothecary he was also being chased by the police, they found out that Romeo was in Verona and chased all the way to the church. Adding to that Romeo uses a hostage and holds up a gun to his head, which also adds up to the tension in this scene. This scene included a large portion of camera effects especially during the car chase to make it more dramatic between Romeo and the police. During the car chase scene it was an opera music it started of with high volume then decreased it low volume when Romeo entered the church and saw Juliet, then when he got closer to Juliet the music became louder and lower which expresses the mood changes and the tension in the air. He then puts the ring on her finger, which symbolizes that not even death breaks the bond of the two. Also Juliet opens her eyes and actually wakes up while Romeo is drinking the poison and touches him the second he drinks it which creates an insane amount of tension to the audience and leaves you with may what if? questions. Until the last moment youre thinking its going to be happily ever after and theyre going to run away together. After the death scene though they show them happy moments of the both of them with an advanced camera movement (montage) expressing that they will be united together again in heaven. In the ending of the play the two families united through the deaths. In the movie, that scene was cut off due to it being irrelevant which made it seem more tragic. Luhrmann successfully transferred the movie to a modern version. He also managed to keep the Shakespeare story alive yet keep it fresh and interesting for nowadays viewers. Translating Shakespeares work into a movie is hard to do because Shakespeares writing is so powerful and full of meaning, Its almost impossible to be done. Though in some ways, I rathered the book because it included a lot more detail. Overall it was a well done movie and greatly translated.